Unsettled Ground in Bihar: Modi’s BJP Confronts Rising Discontent as State Goes to Vote

As the polls open in Bihar on November 6 and 11 for its 243-seat assembly, the election is more than a state-level contest—it is a barometer for the strength and durability of the BJP-led alliance under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. With results slated for November 14, the outcome will likely echo well beyond the borders of Bihar.

A State Under Pressure

Bihar remains one of India’s most challenged states: high levels of migration, persistent poverty, fractured infrastructure and youth seeking livelihoods elsewhere. While the unemployment rate for those aged 15-29 dropped to about 9.9% in fiscal 2023-24, from around 30.9% five years prior, the promise of stable and dignified work remains unfulfilled for many. Voter roll revisions and allegations of disenfranchisement have added a layer of distrust in the process. In one poignant case, an 85-year-old woman said she was removed from the voter list and told she was “dead”.

BJP’s Tightrope

The BJP knows it cannot win Bihar alone. Its reliance on regional allies such as the JD(U) underscores the coalition nature of its politics. In the post-2024 national election era, where the BJP does not enjoy an outright majority in some key states, Bihar’s result takes on out-size importance. The stakes here include: maintaining the image of “Modi momentum”, proving the “double engine” narrative (Centre + state) still works, and avoiding the danger of electoral reversals that could embolden rivals.

The Opposition’s Opportunity

For the RJD-Congress opposition and the fresh entrant Jan Suraaj, this election offers a rare opening. Their strategy centres on portraying Modi’s alliance as out-of-touch with everyday realities—joblessness, migration, agrarian distress. With Jan Suraaj disrupting conventional alignments, there’s a possibility of vote splitting that could hurt one or both major blocs.

Campaign Highlights & Voter Themes

• Women voters have become a critical force. Many men migrate out, giving women outsized influence in family voting decisions. The NDA has responded by transferring ₹10,000 each to 7.5 million women as part of a self-employment scheme.
• Messaging around “Naya Bihar” (New Bihar) emphasises infrastructure, law and order, and central support, with Modi highlighting significant central investment in the state.
• The opposition has focused on the broken promise of jobs. For many first-time voters, the question is not just “what has been done” but “what will be done now”.
• Traditional caste-based equations remain relevant. Parties must balance development messaging with caste arithmetic—a complexity that all players face.

What Could Tip the Balance

• High turnout: Especially in constituencies with younger, first-time voters or large female electorates could shift outcomes.
• Regional partner performance: If JD(U) under Nitish Kumar under-performs, it could drag the broader NDA down.
• Third front effect: Jan Suraaj’s performance may either steal votes from the NDA or split opposition support—affecting the margin of victory for either side.
• Narrative shift: If the opposition can convincingly shift the narrative from “development” to “delivery and dignity”, the political momentum may tilt.
• Post-election formation: Even if the NDA secures a majority, the question of internal power sharing and stability will matter. Weak post-poll unity can undermine governance.

The Broader Significance

If the NDA emerges victorious, it reaffirms Modi’s dominance in Hindi-belt politics and lays a firmer grounding for the 2029 general election. If the opposition makes significant inroads or the NDA’s majority narrows, it could signal fatigue and give fresh energy to alternative formations.

In many ways, Bihar is ground zero for modern Indian politics—a state where age-old issues such as caste and migration meet the contemporary demands of jobs, dignity and transparency. As one young voter summed up: “The issue of jobs matters the most.” For Modi’s party and its rivals alike, the next few weeks will determine not just who governs Bihar, but how they govern it—and what that means for the future of Indian politics.